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Showing posts from October, 2022

Thermodynamics

  Thermodynamics: Introduction: Physics' field of thermodynamics examines how heat, work, and temperature relate to energy, entropy, the physical characteristics of matter, and radiation. The four principles of thermodynamics, which give a quantitative description using quantifiable macroscopic physical variables but may be interpreted in terms of microscopic elements by statistical mechanics, regulate how these quantities behave. Physical chemistry, biochemistry, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, and other complicated subjects like meteorology are just a few of the topics in science and engineering where thermodynamics is relevant.   thermodynamics In the past, efforts to improve the performance of early steam engines led to the development of thermodynamics, mainly thanks to the work of French physicist Sadi Carnot (1824), who thought that improving engine performance was the key to France's victory in the Napoleonic Wars. Lord Kelvin, a Scots-Irish physicist, pr...

Gun

  Gun : Introduction: A gun is a long-range weapon that fires projectiles out of a shooting tube, or barrel. The projectiles are usually solid, but they can also be charged particles or pressurised liquid (such as in water guns or cannons, spray guns for painting or pressure washing, projected water disruptors, or technically flamethrowers) (e.g. plasma gun). Solid projectiles can either be tethered or free-flying (like bullets and artillery shells) (as with Taser guns, spearguns and harpoon guns). A cannon is another name for a large-caliber firearm.   Gun Although the methods of projectile propulsion vary depending on designs, they are often pneumatically influenced by a high gas pressure enclosed within the barrel tube, produced either through the quick exothermic burning of propellants (as with firearms) or by mechanical compression (as with air guns). Once the propelling gas stops acting on the projectile after it exits the muzzle, the high-pressure gas is introduced behi...

Camera

  Camera : Introduction: An optical device that can record an image is a camera. The majority of cameras can take 2D pictures, while some more sophisticated versions can also take 3D pictures. On a fundamental level, most cameras are made up of sealed boxes (the camera body) with a tiny hole (the aperture) that lets light flow through so that it can be collected on a surface that is sensitive to light (usually a digital sensor or photographic film). Different techniques are used by cameras to regulate how light strikes the light-sensitive surface. The light entering the camera is focused by lenses, and the aperture can be broadened or shrunk. The length of time the photosensitive surface is exposed to light is controlled by a shutter mechanism.   Camera The primary tool in photography is the still-image camera. Images that have been captured may later be reproduced using photography, digital imaging, or photographic printing. Film, videography, and cinematography are related a...

Electron microscope

  Electron microscope : Introduction: An electron microscope is a microscope that illuminates with a beam of accelerated electrons. Electron microscopes offer a higher resolving power than light microscopes and may expose the structure of smaller objects since the wavelength of an electron can be up to 100,000 times shorter than that of visible light photons. While conventional light microscopes are constrained by diffraction to around 200 nm resolution and usable magnifications below 2000, a scanning transmission electron microscope has achieved more than 50 pm resolution in annular dark-field imaging mode and magnifications of up to roughly 10,000,000.   Electron microscope Similar to how optical light microscopes employ glass lenses, electron microscopes create electron optical lens systems using structured magnetic fields.   Microorganisms, cells, big molecules, biopsy samples, metals, and crystals are just a few of the biological and inorganic specimens that can have...