Electricity:

Introduction:

The collection of physical phenomena known as electricity are those that are connected to the presence and movement of matter that possesses an electric charge. Maxwell's equations describe the phenomenon of electromagnetism, which includes both magnetism and electricity as components. Lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges, and many other common phenomena have an electrical component.

 

Electricity

An electric field is created by the existence of an electric charge, which may be positive or negative. Electric current, which results from the movement of electric charges, also creates a magnetic field.

 

A force will act on a charge when it is positioned in an area with an electric field that is not zero. According to Coulomb's law, this force has a certain magnitude. The electric field would be exerting force on the charge if it were to move. Thus, we can refer to the electric potential at a particular place in space, which is commonly measured in volts and equivalent to the work performed by an external agent in transferring a unit of positive charge from an arbitrary reference point to that point without accelerating.

 

Numerous contemporary technologies, including those utilized for:

 

n Electric power, which energizes equipment via electric current.

 

n Electronics is the study of electrical circuits containing transistors, integrated circuits, vacuum tubes, and other active electrical components, along with related passive connecting techniques.

 

Since antiquity, electrical phenomena have been explored, but until the seventeenth and eighteenth century, theoretical knowledge of these phenomena remained sluggish. By the end of the 19th century, electrical engineers had applied the electromagnetic theory to the usage of electricity in both industrial and domestic settings. Electrical technology was rapidly developing during this period, transforming society and industry and serving as a catalyst for the Second Industrial Revolution. Due to electricity's exceptional adaptability, it may be used for a virtually infinite number of purposes, including transportation, heating, lighting, communications, and computation. Modern industrial society is now supported by electricity.

 

History:

People were aware of electric fish shocks long before they had any awareness of electricity. These fish were referred to as the "Thunderer of the Nile" and described as the "protectors" of all other fish in ancient Egyptian writings from 2750 BCE. Ancient Greek, Roman, and Arabic naturalists and medics once more mentioned electric fish thousands of years later. The numbing effects of electric shocks caused by electric catfish and electric rays were attested to by several ancient writers, including Pliny the Elder and Scribonius Largus, who also recognized that such shocks could travel along conducting things. Patients with conditions like gout or headaches were instructed to contact electrified fish in the hopes that the intense shock would help them feel better.

 

Electricity

Ancient societies in the Mediterranean region were aware that some items, such amber rods, might be attracted to feathers by rubbing them with cat fur. Around 600 BCE, Thales of Miletus made a number of studies regarding static electricity, and as a result, he came to the conclusion that amber was magnetic due to friction, unlike minerals like magnetite, which required no rubbing. Though subsequent research would demonstrate a connection between magnetism and electricity, Thales was mistaken in his assumption that the attraction was caused by a magnetic influence. The 1936 discovery of the Baghdad Battery, which resembles a galvanic cell, has given rise to the contentious hypothesis that the Parthians may have been familiar with electroplating. However, it is unclear whether the item was electrical in origin.

 

Until the English scientist William Gilbert wrote De Magnete in 1600, electricity would have remained little more than a scientific curiosity for millennia. In it, he made a careful study of electricity and magnetism and distinguished the lodestone effect from static electricity created by rubbing amber. He created the New Latin word electricus, which means "of amber" or "of amber" and comes from the Greek word elektron, which means "amber," to describe the ability to attract small things when rubbed. The English words "electric" and "electricity" were born out of this relationship and first appeared in print in Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica in 1646.

 

In the 17th and early 18th centuries, Otto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray, and C. F. du Fay carried out additional research. Benjamin Franklin spent a significant amount of the latter half of the 18th century researching electricity, raising money by selling his valuables. He is said to have flown a kite in a storm-threatened sky in June 1752 while fastening a metal key to the bottom of the dampened string. Lightning was electrical in nature, as evidenced by the series of sparks that flew from the key to the palm of his hand. In terms of electricity made up of both positive and negative charges, he also explained the seemingly counterintuitive behavior of the Leyden jar as a tool for storing significant amounts of electrical charge.

 

Hugh Williamson presented a number of tests to the Royal Society in 1775 regarding the electric eel's shocks, and the same year, John Hunter, a surgeon and anatomist, provided a description of the design of the fish's electric organs. Luigi Galvani's discovery of bioelectromagnetics, which showed that electricity was the medium by which neurons conveyed impulses to the muscles, was published in 1791. Scientists had a more dependable source of electrical energy thanks to Alessandro Volta's battery, also known as the voltaic pile, which was created in 1800 using alternate layers of zinc and copper instead of the earlier electrostatic machines.It was Hans Christian Orsted and André-Marie Ampère who first recognized electromagnetism, the unification of electric and magnetic phenomena, in 1819–1820. The electric motor was created in 1821 by Michael Faraday, and the electrical circuit was mathematically analyzed in 1827 by Georg Ohm. James Clerk Maxwell established a clear connection between electricity, magnetism, and light, particularly in his "On Physical Lines of Force" from 1861 and 1862.

 

Although electrical science had advanced quickly in the early 19th century, electrical engineering would advance most significantly in the latter half of the century. Electricity was transformed from a scientific curiosity into a necessary tool for modern life by individuals like Alexander Graham Bell, Ottó Bláthy, Thomas Edison, Galileo Ferraris, Oliver Heaviside, nyos Jedlik, William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Charles Algernon Parsons, Werner von Siemens, Joseph Swan, Reginald Fessenden, Nikola Tesla, and George Westinghouse.

 

Heinrich Hertz found in 1887 that ultraviolet-illuminated electrodes produce electric sparks more quickly. Albert Einstein wrote a paper in 1905 in which he proposed the explanation of experimental data from the photoelectric effect: light energy is transmitted in discrete quantized packets, energizing electrons. The quantum revolution was sparked by this finding. For "his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect," Einstein received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. The photoelectric effect is also used in photocells, which are commonly used to generate power for commercial purposes and may be found in solar panels.

 

The "cat's-whisker detector," used in radio receivers for the first time in the 1900s, was the first solid-state component. To use the contact junction effect to detect a radio signal, a whisker-like wire is placed lightly in touch with a solid crystal (such as a germanium crystal). The current is limited to solid elements and compounds designed particularly to switch and amplify it in a solid-state component. Positively charged electron deficits, often known as holes, and negatively charged electrons are the two ways that current flow can be conceptualized. Quantum physics is used to interpret these charges and holes. The most common type of construction material is a crystalline semiconductor.

 

Transistor technology's development ushered in the era of solid-state electronics. John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain at Bell Labs created the first functional transistor, a germanium-based point-contact transistor, in 1947. The bipolar junction transistor was created two years later, in 1948. Early transistors had a large physical footprint and were challenging to produce in large quantities. They were followed by the silicon-based MOSFET (also known as a MOS transistor or metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor), which was developed in 1959 at Bell Labs by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng.The silicon revolution was sparked by the introduction of the first really tiny transistor that could be mass-produced and miniaturized for a variety of applications. As vacuum tubes gave way to semiconductor diodes, transistors, IC chips, MOSFETs, and light-emitting diode (LED) technology in the 1960s, solid-state devices began to proliferate.

 

The MOSFET is the electronic component that is used the most frequently and is also the one that is produced the most. Chips used in semiconductor memory and microprocessors are examples of common solid-state MOS devices. Flash memory is a unique kind of semiconductor memory, utilized in solid-state drives (SSD) to replace mechanically rotating magnetic disc hard disk drive (HDD) technology, as well as in USB flash drives and mobile devices.