Electromagnetism:

Introduction:

The study of the electromagnetic force, a sort of physical interaction that takes place between electrically charged particles, is at the heart of the area of physics known as electromagnetism. Light and other electromagnetic radiation are produced by the electromagnetic force, which is transmitted by electromagnetic fields made up of electric and magnetic fields. Along with the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravitation, it is one of the four basic interactions (often referred to as forces) in nature. The electromagnetic force and weak force combine to form the electroweak force at high energies.

 

Electromagnetism

The electromagnetic force, also known as the Lorentz force, is used to define electromagnetic phenomena. This force comprises both electricity and magnetism as distinct manifestations of the same phenomenon. The majority of everyday objects have intrinsic features that are mostly determined by the electromagnetic force. Atoms are held together by the electromagnetic attraction between atomic nuclei and the electrons in their orbits.The chemical bonds that join atoms to form molecules and the interactions between molecules are caused by electromagnetic forces. All chemical reactions, which are brought about by interactions between the electrons of nearby atoms, are governed by the electromagnetic force. Modern technology makes extensive use of electromagnetics, and electronic and digital technologies, including electric power engineering, are both based on electromagnetic theory.

 

The electromagnetic field has several mathematical descriptions. The main focus of Maxwell's equations is on the generation and modification of electric and magnetic fields by charges, currents, and each other.

 

Albert Einstein created special relativity in 1905 as a result of the theoretical ramifications of electromagnetism, specifically the determination of the speed of light based on the permeability and permittivity of the "medium" of propagation.

 

Electromagnetism

History:

Magnetism and electricity were once thought to be two distinct forces. With the publication of James Clerk Maxwell's 1873 A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, which demonstrated that interactions between positive and negative charges are mediated by a single force, this viewpoint was altered. These interactions have four primary consequences, all of which have been amply proven by experiments:

I. Electric charges are attracted to or repelled from one another by a force that is inversely proportional to their square of separation: Unlike charges repel, like ones attract.

II. Every north pole is yoked to a south pole, thus magnetic poles (or states of polarisation at specific sites) always exist in pairs. They behave similarly to positive and negative charges in attracting or repelling one another.

III. An equivalent circumferential magnetic field outside a wire is produced by an electric current inside the wire. The direction of the current in the wire determines whether it moves in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction.

IV. When a magnet is pushed toward or away from a magnetic field, or when a loop of wire is moved in either direction, a current is produced; the direction of the current depends on the direction of the movement.

 

Hans Christian Orsted noticed that a nearby compass needle was moving in April 1820 as a result of an electrical current in a nearby wire. When the phenomena was first discovered, Orsted neither attempted to mathematically model the phenomenon nor offered any convincing explanations for it. But three months later, he started conducting more thorough inquiries. Soon after, he published his research demonstrating how an electric current flowing across a wire creates a magnetic field. In recognition of his contributions to the field of electromagnetism, the magnetic induction CGS unit (oersted) bears his name.

 

His discoveries sparked a flurry of electrodynamics study among the scientific community. They inspired the creation of a single mathematical form to express the magnetic forces between current-carrying conductors by French physicist André-Marie Ampère. Additionally, Orsted's discovery marked a significant advancement toward a unified theory of energy.

 

One of the major contributions of 19th-century mathematical physics is the unification, which was discovered by Michael Faraday, developed by James Clerk Maxwell, and substantially recast by Oliver Heaviside and Heinrich Hertz. The understanding of the nature of light was one of its many long-lasting effects. Today, it is believed that light and other electromagnetic waves take the form of quantized, self-propagating oscillatory electromagnetic field disturbances termed photons, contrary to what the electromagnetic theory of the past suggested.From radio waves at the lowest frequencies, to visible light at middle frequencies, to gamma rays at the highest frequencies, different oscillation frequencies produce distinct types of electromagnetic radiation.

 

Not everyone has looked into the connection between electricity and magnetism, including Orsted. An Italian legal scholar named Gian Domenico Romagnosi used a Voltaic pile in 1802 to deflect a magnetic needle. It is not entirely clear how the experiment was actually conducted or whether current actually flowed across the needle or not. Because Romagnosi appeared to not be a member of the modern scientific society, the discovery was reported in an Italian newspaper in 1802 but was generally ignored by that community.