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Earth science

  Earth science : Introduction: All natural science disciplines pertaining to the planet Earth are referred to as earth sciences or geosciences. This field of science examines the intricate physical, chemical, and biological compositions and interconnections among the four spheres that make up Earth: the biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and geosphere. Although it has a considerably longer history, one may consider earth science to be a subfield of planetary science. The lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere are the four primary divisions of research that make up earth science. Each of these branches is further subdivided into more specialized fields.   Earth science Earth sciences have both reductionist and comprehensive perspectives. It also includes the study of planets in orbit around Earth. Some planetary scientists look for and exploit mineral and energy resources using their knowledge of the globe. Others research the effects of human activit...

Physics outreach

  Physics outreach : Introduction: The term "physics outreach" refers to a number of activities conducted by educational institutions such as science museums, research organizations, universities, clubs, and schools with the goal of increasing interest in and knowledge of physics. Even though the general public may occasionally be the target of such initiatives, physics outreach frequently focuses on creating and offering materials, giving talks to students, instructors from other disciplines, and in some cases researchers from various fields of physics.   Physics outreach History: Since the early 19th century, people and organizations have made continuous efforts to bring physics to a wider audience. Galileo Galilei attempted to explain new information in astronomy, frames of reference, and kinematics in a way that a common audience could understand with remarkable success in historical works like Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems and Two New Sciences.   Mi...

Physics engine

  Physics engine : Introduction: A physics engine is a piece of computer software used in the fields of computer graphics, video games, and movies that approximates the simulation of specific physical systems, including rigid body dynamics (including collision detection), soft body dynamics, and fluid dynamics (CGI). Their primary applications are in video games, where the simulations take place in real time (usually as middleware). Sometimes the phrase is used in a broader sense to refer to any software program that simulates physical phenomena, including high-performance scientific simulation.   Physics engine Description: a.  Scientific engines: ENIAC, one of the original general-purpose computers, served as a very basic physics engine. The United States military utilized it to create ballistics tables to estimate where artillery shells of various masses would land when fired at various angles and gunpowder charges, taking wind drift into consideration. The artillery c...

Aerodynamics

  Aerodynamics : Introduction: Aerodynamics, which derives from the Ancient Greek words aero (air) and v (dynamics), is the study of air motion, particularly as it is influenced by solid objects like aeroplane wings. It touches on subjects related to gas dynamics, a branch of fluid dynamics. Aerodynamics and gas dynamics are frequently used interchangeably, however "gas dynamics" refers to the study of the motion of all gases rather than only air. Although fundamental ideas like aerodynamic drag were seen and recorded much earlier, the scientific science of aerodynamics did not start until the eighteenth century.Early aerodynamics research focused primarily on obtaining heavier-than-air flight, which Otto Lilienthal first accomplished in 1891. Since that time, the application of aerodynamics through mathematical analysis, empirical approximations, wind tunnel experiments, and computer simulations has provided a rational foundation for the advancement of heavier-than-air fligh...

Enviromental Science

  Environmental science : Introduction: In order to study the environment and find solutions to environmental issues, environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that combines physics, biology, and geography (including ecology, chemistry, plant science, zoology, mineralogy, oceanography, limnology, soil science, geology and physical geography, and atmospheric science). During the Age of Enlightenment, environmental science developed from the disciplines of natural history and medicine. Today, it offers an interdisciplinary, integrated, quantitative approach to the study of environmental systems.   Environmental  More social sciences are incorporated into environmental studies in order to better understand human interactions, viewpoints, and environmental policy. Engineering for increasing environmental quality in all areas is the emphasis of environmental design.   Environmental scientists work to comprehend the physical, chemical, biological, a...

SpaceX Starship

  SpaceX Starship : Introduction: A fully reusable, super-heavy-lift launch vehicle called Starship is being created by American aerospace corporation SpaceX. The launch vehicle is the highest and most potent ever constructed. The Super Heavy booster stage and the Starship second stage or spaceship together make up the two-stage to orbit launch vehicle known as Starship. The spacecraft will be available in four main configurations: lunar lander, crew, propellant tanker, and cargo.   SpaceX Starship Both Starship rocket stages employ liquid oxygen and liquid methane as propellant, are propelled by Raptor engines, and are built for quick reuse following a vertical landing. The spacecraft can be refuelled by Starship tankers once it is in low Earth orbit, enabling transit to higher orbits or other destinations. SpaceX anticipates that Starship will be able to transport 100 t (220,000 lb) to this orbit. The spacecraft can subsequently be used as a lunar lander or a propellant depo...